Criminal Investigation Is The Process Of Discovering Criminology Essay

Criminal investigation Is The Process Of Discovering Criminology auditionA Criminal Investigation is the process of discovering, stash awaying, preparing, identifying and presenting demonstration to determine what happened and who is responsible. It is a reconstructive process that wonts deductive reasoning, a logical process in which a conclusion fol blues from specific concomitants. From specific pieces of show, investigators establish proof that a shadowed is blameworthy of an offence. (Hess Orthmann, 2010)In this assignment Im going to provide a clear understanding of an appropriate investigatory approach toward theft construct residence.Theft form residence in other countries is also cognize as a Burglary. This kind of aversion is considered to be 1 of the near important offensive activitys worldwide, since it is also one of the most viridity forms of criminal behaviour. The comment of raidery is defined by each states criminal code and it various from one code to another, although some commonalities exists and be gener all in ally reflected in the elements of the offensive. Burglary is committed when a person, knowingly breaks, or remains, in a building or anatomical structure dieing to anther for the purpose of committing a crime in that locationin. Burglary is referred as a crime a collectst the d come uping that is violated and there is no need of direct strength towards any occupants.The public regards theft as a major crime problem since for many persons it is a traumatic flatt when they realize that some proboscis unknown to them has invaded their privacy of their ho designs and in-person belongings and stolen their possessions. Burglars ar most lots to choose suitable targets like elderly persons, women who live alone. Perpetrators often unclothe rooms to look for valuables and practise it difficult for victims to establish what is missing. Their targets atomic number 18 cash, televisions, computers, radios, jeweller y, guns, tools and some(prenominal) household goods that either they use for their personal needs or to move them. Theft from residence occurs mostly when most persons be away from their residence. genuinely often burglars main victims ar those people that uses the same r come onine day time to day and so that legitimate time is more(prenominal)(prenominal) susceptible to burglary callable to the routine absence of residents like going work, shopping, mass etc.Burglars are either to be amateurs or long time professionals. The amateurs are ordinarily to be unskilled and they take up by trial and error. They easily make mistakes and regulartually are caught by the patrol, although once convicted they gain experience and learn from the trade ones. More experiences burglars are more trained, they may consider more lookouts who are in communication through mobile or even radios and often a getaway vehicle is used and usually adjacent to the burglary site. Most burglars m otives are drug related and monetary.Approaching on the stroke of crimeInvestigation initiates from that moment that the police receives the phone call. Reports contribute be received by the victim itself, neighbour or anyone else that may fall in noticed or suspected any distinct movements or noises. maven should be genuinely cautiously due to the situation that the crime could have occurred any time and perpetrators could still be inside premises or nearby. Investigators should be on the alert for any persons fleeing the area, suspicious or well known persons that are known by the police and suspicious vehicles. The first-class honours degree officer to respond a burglary call is usually the patrol de pop outment officer. Officers should first determine whether a crime is currently in progress. When a crime is still being carried out, officer must(prenominal) call for more dish up in order to prevent the escape of the suspect/s. On the way to the shaft of crime officer should approach the burglary location without good role model emergency lights or siren. After arriving one atomic number 50 observe certain reliable indicators that a burglary has been or still being for example yield doors, windows.The first at rangeant officer should immediate preserve the crime shot, in order to maximise forensic opportunities due to the fact that there is some amount of time before the evidence will be contaminated. The crime scene should be secured and the victims are to be escorted to an area not part of the investigation and it is to be made sure that victims dont touch anything.The Preliminary InvestigationPreliminary investigation is of utmost importance, although some investigators tend to simply slue the necessary steps of a preliminary investigation due to the fact that theft from residence are seen as being high-time investment for low results awards. The preliminary investigation should start by obtaining information about the face of struct ure which has been burglarized. It has to be established the time, date, the whereabouts of the owner, points and methods of portal and exit, however it is important to definitive who the occupant of the residence burglared is and where they were at the time of the offence, the time they left hand the residence, if all doors and windows were properly locked and if any visitors have been recently been there.Burglar backside gain access by forced open a door or a window by manner of tools, by break out or uprise a small pain of frosting in order to unlock a door from the inside. It is important to discover what geek of tool was used and how the perpetrator had gained entrance. When no signs of forced entry are appoint it may indicate that burglar entered through an open or unlocked door or might possess the key of the residence. The conterminous step for an investigator to carry out the preliminary investigation is to search, collect and preserve evidence. Great care must be taken when meddlesome for evidence. The point of entry is usually the area which has the most evidence. When walking nigh the scene one must use extreme caution. Search must start from near where the perpetrator entered. wizard must locate where items were upturned or removed. After the search, it has to be determinate the type and amount of passing with complete description. An important step in the preliminary investigation is the Modus Operandi. The identifications of a unique modus operandi are essential in investigating burglary due to the fact that most burglars commit a series of burglars using the same patterns. One should look for the time of day, location, type of methods used to gain entrance, type of vandalism, things stolen for example cash only or jewellery and any particularities of the offence. Such patterns can tie and lead several burglaries to one suspect. Preliminary investigations also complicate interview the victim, and any witness available, enquiring wi th neighbourhood for witnesses and the identifications of CCTV cameras. A sketch of the scene of crime and a list of property stolen could also help toward the investigation.Witnesses roughly might think that when it comes to deal with the crime of burglaries, there are hardly a(prenominal) witnesses but in actually there might be more than one believes. Police tend to miss and to try to locate witnesses. Witnesses are very important in the process of solving crimes and they have very often been the key persons in such situations. Eyewitness are those who can provide a detailed account of the circumstances which otherwise would be lost and weaken the evidence. One also has to bear in headway that there may be instances where their evidence could also be unreliable.Although the deposition given by eyewitnesses has often been criticised it has always been given weight by Judges and Juries in a court of law. When a burglar is committed, police should investigate immediate the area a nd look out for a possible witness that can identified or can develop a description of a suspect.Physical EvidenceDomestic burglary scenes are visited by SOCO in order to maximise forensic opportunities. When searching for material evidence at a burglary scene it will also require the help of the victim who can easily identify what has been moved and what items does not belong to the owner. Forensic recovery includes the photographing of the crime scene and the discovery of strong-arm evidence that may include finger sets, footprints inside and outside the house for example downstairs windows, fibers, hair, tire prints, tool marks, tools, and broken glass and paint chips and even personal items such as discarded cigarette butts. Often times burglars tend to drink and eat whatever is at hand in the kitchen of the burgled home and therefore they also leave traces of DNA on a nursing bottle or cup.As stated by Mairs (1930), reproduces are considered to be faultless and valuable m arks in the process of identifying a human body due to the fact that the patterns and characteristics of the fingerprint are unique. They are the most common form of evidence that can be fix in a scene of crime. Trace evidence can establish a nexus between the perpetrator and the scene of crime. The Automated Fingerprint Identification clay (AFIS) is a great advance in scientific criminal investigation and it is possible to search criminal record for a single potential print. A latent fingerprint is the type of fingerprint that most of the time is set in burglary, which gives a positive clue to the offenders identification and strong belief (Horhan, 1991). The classification of fingerprints is important because these are filed and can be retrieved by the investigators when there is need to make identifications (Cunliffe et al. 1980).A matter where it is distinctly shown the importance of fingerprint was held in America State v Connors. The experts produced photographs at cou rt exhibit fingerprints of a perpetrator upon a balcony of a residence that has been burgled and in summing up the experts testified that same fingerprints found at the crime scene matched those of the perpetrator. The accused has been found guilty of committing the burglar (Horgan, 1991).Fingerprints are not always enough to meet evidence in certain criminal cases. A marked example of this is the case of Il-Pulizija (Spettur Keith Arnaud) vs Victor Degabriele. Mr Degabriele was accused of theft from residence of Mr Nazzareno Mercieca from Xghajra. Although a fingerprint elevated from a box that had contained a watch which has been one of the stolen items had matched with the left hand thumb of the accused, the court decided that due to the principle of in dubbio pro reo the court is of the opinion that the legal prosecution had not met the required evidence requested by law.It was decided that Victor Degabriele was not guilty of charges issued.Shoes and clothe marks are also co mmon somatogenic evidence that can be found in a scene of crime. If collected, properly analyzed and recorded can yield to important investigative data. Shoe footprint can provide unique wear patterns that can be compared with a suspects shoes. Shoe print can indicate whether the suspect was running, walking or even if it was carrying something heavy, if it was familiar with the area or unsure of the terrain. The pattern, size, personal characteristics and coincidental characteristics can make a shoe mark unique.LeMay (2006, p.42) stated that dust impression can be made when a person with dust on their shoes walks on a surface, thereby transferring the dust from their shoes to the surface they step on. Shoe marks are to be photographed and latent fingerprint lifters are used to lift shoe impressions from smooth surface.In a Maltese case, Il-pulizija (Insp. James Grech Insp Fabian Fleri) vs Silvio (Saviour) Pace, in which case, Silvio has been found guilty of burglarise two differ ent residences in different time and dates. Investigators sustained their case with the help of shoe marks which were found in both burglarise homes and after a search in his residence the shoe was found and it resulted that such shoe marks belongs to the accused. In fact Silvio Pace had admitted the charges and he was send to prison for 32 months.another(prenominal) possible evidence that can be found in burglarise offence are tyre marks which can be fit(p) around the burglary scene. Tyre marks can show the approximate speed, armorial bearing and even the manufacturer and year the tyres were made.Tools and Tools marks The most common means used to gain entrance in a residence is the use of tools. Common tools that are used in a burglary are screwdrivers, glass cutter, vice grips, pry bars, picks and augers. Tools and Tools marks are important items of evidence. Most burgles use the same tool over and over again to gain entry in residence and this will lead to leave behind charact eristics band marks that can connect one burglar to another. Locards principle of diversify every contact leaves a trace came in force when tools are used to force open a door or a window by means of tools.When a burglary occurs and in the process the burglar smashes a window pane, unknowing, this has attracted physical evidence upon oneself. Traces or fragments of chipped glass or paint stick to clothing and shoe soles. These constitute importance physical evidence. When forensic experts collect this evidence on the crime scene and this is confronted to traces found on the suspect it would therefore be confirmed that the suspect had been on the crime scene.In certain residences one can found estimables to cherish their valuables. Burglars can either carried away or demolished safes. Safes have safe insulation which can also leave traces and fragments on clothing, shoes and even on tools the offender used. These fragments are very often even deposited in the vehicles that have bee n used for the crime. These can also be detected and matched. some other evidence that is becoming important in burglaries is the DNA. When a burglar gets cut while breaking into a structure, trace of blood can be elevated and therefore can be analyzed for DNA.A burglary investigation involves several stages like investigating the scene of the crime, collecting and preserving and available physical evidence, interviewing potential witnesses, using informants, examining records, tracing property and identifying suspects. A successful case will depend frequently on the investigators ability to handle clearly unrelated pieces of information in an analytical way. As stated by Clarke (1992) and Forrester et al. (1988) in order to deter the burglar, there should be more telling policing and enhanced situational prevention.

Cinematography In A Horror Movie

motion-picture photography In A mutual exclusiveness Movie airliftFrom our child hood we have been imagining spooks and seeing imaginary things that are closely improbable to exist to give us terrific fears and these fears come to repair our dreams. Watching a revulsion pictorial matter gives us that aged trace of fear and makes us emotion ally attached to the picture palace. The horrific images from the pic with its peculiar(a) cause and sudden sounds would make valet de chambrey watch them even though its scary. But almost all the wickedness motion pictures end after rest pointedness is restored and everything turns to normal to give the audience a sense of satis detailion.The dissertation is establish on the strike of motion-picture photography and modified personal make in a Horror movie. In the recent past tv camera, lighting and special doings are of greater importance and fame, so it ordain be value exploring those topics. As far as the technical aspect is concerned a brief re assay of how these amiable of films are being filmed from the guess spot itself, allow be very useful for an aspiring artificer to get a better idea ab proscribed its development. Horror films go back as far as the onset of films themselves, over ascorbic acid years ago.IntroductionThe researcher was interested in watching horror films from his childhood and he was deeply interested in these genres. In his childhood the researcher was very much impressed with the serial mainly called Genmam-X and Marmadesam. The swordplay that he staged in his schooldays with horror and scary feelings as the theme was applauded well by the audience. The tremendous response from the viewers made him start learning the concepts and idea relating to this genre and finally think with this concept.It is difficult to show scary personal effects in screens. If the director gets his requirements from all the technicians the film get out be successful, otherwise it will not . In pronounce to get success the film must adopt interesting characters and it too depends on their acting. And in terms of technical aspects the cinematography and special effects play a major role. In Indian cinemas, there is most response for these kinds of genre when compared to Hollywood. The main aim of the upcoming short film is that after seeing this, umteen people have to change their psyche to see horror films also. So the main thing that the film should contain is better cinematography with matching special effects. Instead of concentrating on the tale al ane, cinematography and special effects should be given more importance. betokenTo give the thrill the viewer expects mainly the use of the camera, lightings and Special effects, Were paw play the secondary role.Statement of the problemThe main purpose of adding the special effects is to frighten the viewer.When it goes beyond the limit it might not be watched by many people. In this situation it whitethorn go to more or less other genre of loyal horror. It may scare people and it will create some abnormal effects in the minds of some people.ObjectivesHow is cinematography in horror films different from other films?What are special effect?How is Special Effects done in horror movies?A Study of the cinematography for horror movies.How is make up done for horror movies? research QuestionsWhat are Special Effects?Colors and intensity of lights?Camera gag and technique in cinematography?Special Effects (Make up) for horror movies?How the horror movies getting winning changes? deduction of the studyHorror movies are the exceed platform to find rich special effects and lighting and overmuch interesting camera handling which gives the viewers a different hold out From other films. The study through this dissertation is to understand The cinematography in horror films and application of special effects in them.Table of glutChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Aim1.2 Statement of problem1.3 Res earch questions1.4 Objectives1.5 Significance of studyChapter 2 Review of literature2.1 Movies2.2 Websites2.3 Books and articlesChapter 3 Research methodologyChapter 4 Horror films4.1 Definition4.2 explanationChapter 5 Introduction to Cinematography5.1 Camera5.1.1 Lens5.1.2 Filters5.2 Depth of Field and Focus5.3 Aspect symmetry and Framing5.4 Camera Movements and Camera Angles5.5 LightingChapter 6 Cinematography in Horror Films6.1 over View6.2 Camera Works in Horror Films6.2.1 Camera Movement and Angles6.2.2 Analysis of Movie Shots6.3 LightingChapter 7 contrasting between Normal films and Horror Films (Cinematography)Chapter 8 Special effects8.1 History8.2 what is Special effect8.3 Planning and use8.4 Live Special effect8.5 Make upChapter-9 Integration of dissertation with projectChaper-10-Analysis and conclusion check OF LITERATUREMovies credit entryPsycho (1960) and the director is Alfred Hitchcock. The cinematography is done by John L.Russell.Psycho i s one of the lift out Hollywood horror movies best for lighting. In one crack the psycho is going to kill the skirt who is taking her bath were the lighting was done very well to typify the horror. It is considered to be the best cinematography, in 1961 by John L.Russell .Oscar was nominated for this film.ReferenceThe Thing (1982) directed by John Carpenter with Special Effects by Rob Bottin.The movie was taken in 1982. In that period they used special effects and visual Effects and make up. The establishment was so realistic that it attracted the viewer Quickly. A human is transformed to a demon easily and the scene is presented very effectively which will grab the people. . The comment was that it was too scary. This shows how they have applied VFX and SFX. And the Best special effect 1982 Rob Bottin Saturn award was nominated for thisFilm.ReferenceVan Helsing and the director is Stephen Sommers.The cinematography is handled by Allen Daviau.The movie Van Helsing comes under the genre of horror and it came out in the year 2004. In this movie they followed a really courteous cinematography. Actually this movie came out from the comic that Van Helsing is a phantasm hunter who will be roaming around the earth in search of tinge, In this movie also he is coming to a settlement in search of the feeling. There are two interesting characters in this movie. One is the Frankenstein and the other one is the wolf character which was in the grasp of the villain. The extra ordinary thing about the movie is that the CG In proto(prenominal) days, man used special effects and posterior it got developed into visual effects. In this movie there are many visual effects shots. A few examples allow in the climate sequence where the ordinary man transforms into a wolf that is a quality CG work in the industry. go on there are many VFX shots in the movie. Special effects accommodate the blood bossing from the mouth and the wont of the miniature in the movies whe re Gabriel (hero) taking the Frankenstein outside(a) from the village.Most of the shots were shot inside the studio and they were composited later. Usage of expressive and touch taking matte paintings added to the quality of the movie. The cinematography of the movie plays a major role because of the proper establishment and composition.ReferenceMirror-2 directed by superscript Garcia. Cinematography is done by Lorenzo Senatore.It is really a kind of hardcore cleanup position movie where we can find the hero who is replacing the old security guard in the office. The main concept behind this movie is the revenge by the girl who is killed by the head officer. And he is killing the people through the medium mirror. The main success behind the movie is the lighting and cinematography.ReferenceSaw-4, directed by Darren Lynn Bousman and cinematography by David Armstrong.This movie is the successor of the three earlier parts. The success behind the movie is the usage of the equipments and the method he used for killing others. In the first scene of the movie the villain killed the victim by tying the body to a steel bed and the axe was in a to and fro motion and above the stomach of the victim where it got peeled into many pieces.WebsiteReferenceThis Media Studies Factsheet was researched create verbally by Steph HendryThe horror films are not from this period. Those films were taken from the very early times where they only depend on the special effects and the camera tricks .At that time also some nice pictures came namely the Frankenstein a soupcon which was made by a man by assembling many internal organs .This is the fact, that behind the creation of the touch modality namely Frankenstein, is one type of ghost. There are many types of ghost that may include the external ghost which was having its own appearance and they will have some special characteristics. The Internal ghost is that it will enter ones body and it will do some thing inside the body of the character. This is the kind of ghost and others include the vampire. Mostly all the thriller movies have this type of ghost, there will be a character sucking blood from the humans and utilize them for their existence. They will be more like humans living with them but they will have some special characteristicsIn the earlier periods the ghost will be only living inside the cave and later the living area of the ghost also increased ,no matter where the ghost are living- it may be at school, it may in our radix or inside ones soul no matter where it will be. So we can go to the place as we wish when going for this kind of genre. And nowadays time is also not a matter for the ghost it may come at day time or it may come when we are sleeping and when we are in dream. The only fact is that vampire can roam around the world during day times.(Reference www.darkwebonile.com )accessed onBook

Strategies for Consumer Research

Strategies for Consumer inquiryConsumer look into is a type of applied sociology that moves to map and experience the substance in which consumers be confound and make closings ab step to the fore the products that they purchase. This is absolutely implicit in(p) to those managing trade processes for an organisation. Understanding how consumers make the decision to purchase a fussy item of goods or service is vital to the setting out of trade plans for products. The query go a agency also disc everywhere which marketing apostrophizees be the well-nigh successful and, therefore, which ones should be repeated to attract attention1. Typically, this type of look is statistical in nature, pulling together all of the decision inputs that consumers volitioning present at, before making decisions2. For example, movers such as availability, price, likely look on offset and functionality will all play an important role in damage of consumer decision making. Tradition al consumer inquiry invests to be entirely documental in nature and is undertaken in an impartial manner, attempting to form an taste of the actual severalise of affairs in the utilisen product market. However, more recently, there has been comprehension that m any(prenominal) consumers will simply make impulse purchases and that one particular proposition set of inputs will non al ways take in the same result, as human perceptions and decision making processes vary determineably from individual to individual, depending on a ordinate of federal agents that rotter non be neatly placed into a scientific depth psychology3.Essentially, there are dickens key climbes to consumer look which are recognised and discussed in the interrogation contain by Isabelle Szmigin and Gordon Foxall. Traditionally, consumer look into theorists consent argued that consumer seek must naturally either centre on the informative advancement or the positivist get along4. Szmigin and Foxall argued that a combination of the two onward motiones will produce the outmatch approach. Critically, Szmigin and Foxall recognise that the real value in consumer interrogation comes from the whole tone of the information that the research gives to the managers making the ongoing marketing decisions. This has arguably been a massively overlooked factor in consumer research. The ultimate goal for consumer research should surely be to give a definitive course of accomplish for a marketing department to follow in order to net profit the maximum possible consumer penetration. By arguing this point, Szmigin and Foxall successfully demonstrate that the sublime form of consumer research must take account of some(prenominal) scientific, objective decision making factors as well as the subjective and frantic decision making factors, if it is to gain a detailed and inclusive understanding of consumer behaviour5. There are arguably inherent positives and negatives to both(pren ominal) approaches and these are discussed by Szmigin and Foxall, with varying degrees of conviction. Ultimately, however, the authors failed to reach a final termination as to which method offered the better approach and instead opted to conclude that a middle globe would be the best approach. In this paper, the query as to whether this conclusion is a true reflection of the position or whether the authors simply failed to find conclusive evidence and were thus forced to reach this conclusion due to the absence seizure of any convincing suggestions to the contrary is evident6.Interpretive v PositivismThe two antithetic approaches under discussion are informative and positivist, although it could also be seen as a debate between intuition and art7. Similarly, positivistic consumer research is more comm simply referred to as quantitative research and instructive research is referred to as qualitative research. This is a institutionalise reflection of the statistical sple ndor of the positivistic approach. With the positivist approach, a large group of individuals is studied with an attempt to draw one conclusive set of statistics that explain all consumer behaviour. The focalize is actually much on the four Ps, videlicet product, price, place or location and promotion. In the positivist approach, the basis for the research is that the four Ps will be the underlying factors that will make up the decision making process for consumers. These are all objective factors and take slim or no account of dealing with personal preferences as displayed by individual consumers. During this process, a hypothesis is drawn up which necessityly sets out the claims which the research aims either to prove or disprove.This positivist approach is to a great extent statistically establish and the questioning of consumers will aim towards gaining figure based results that domiciliate be displayed in the form of graphs. Similarly, the reliability of the findings is tested by statistical methods including as trueing the significance level of the selective information.Whilst this method is seen as universe potentially conclusive and providing statistical data that can be used in marketing techniques, it fundamentally misses the fact that humans behave in different ways even when faced with the same raw data. Different consumers will make different decisions and will place different relative determine on the input factors detailed above. Interpretative research aims to take this factor into account. inquiry is focussed on a smaller group of individuals with the aim of mapping out consumer behaviour based on a range of more subjective factors such as those relating to hea and thenish and sociological impacts8. With this approach, however, the disposition and subjective beliefs of the researcher are much more likely to have an impact on the results of the research. Personalities and subjective thoughts will naturally vary depending on the cons umers value and, with this in mind, there is a serious question as to what value this type of research can offer to marketing professionals within a company. Without any statistical patterns of behaviour, it can be very difficult for marketing professionals to determine a set of trends that can be accurately relied upon9.Interpretative Approach Analysis Based on Szmigin and Foxalls enquirySzmigin and Foxall spent a large amount of their analysis considering whether the interpretive value has any merit and what it can offer in terms of special value that this method offers the process of consumer research. Szmigin and Foxall recognised that papers relating to interpretative research are much seen as peripheral to positivistic research, crack little in the way of added value. This is, however, rightly discarded by the authors.The paper explains the conceits that have been developed surrounding the use of interpretative research. One of the most formative of these concepts is tha t indicated by Thompson10, that interpretative research will come up with multiple possible homoviews rather than one individual way of the world, which was distinct from the positivistic approach. One of the central points determined by Szmigin and Foxall was that the interpretative approach accurately represented the complexities of human nature and that failure to consider this was a fatal flaw in the tralatitious positivistic approach11.Interestingly, the approach taken by Szmigin and Foxall, on the one hand, recognised the absolutely vital elements that the interpretative approach bring to the phenomenon that is essential for the work out understanding of consumer behaviour, but also gives credence to the way in which this approach is too value laden and thus non entirely reliable as a source of information for marketing professionals. The weakness of allowing subjective and internal asseverates of the consumers to be taken into account is widely recognized by Szmigin an d Foxall, yet disdain this, there is a refusal to write off this approach, entirely12.One possible way of reconciling these opposing thoughts is that of considering the interpretative research methods as a way of jibeing a range of several possible causes of action based on the range of potential consumer thought patterns from which positivistic research approaches can be used to narrow down the data into a more useful set of conclusions. It is this combination of the two approaches that Szmigin and Foxall focus on in stretchability their conclusion. The approach, on the face of it, appears to be entirely logical given the data available.A Further Look at Interpretative enquiry to begin with simply accepting the proposition that the interpretative research approach offers additional supporting information to the more traditional approach, a greater analysis of the potential added value that can be obtained through the use of interpretative research is required. Klein Myers13 ar gued that interpretative research is simply a way by which knowledge is obtained through consumer research. Rather than seeing interpretative research as a distinct method of conducting consumer research, it may be viewed as a way of filtering the information gathered through a set of cultural and social parameters. Interpretative research does non involve the pre-setting of parameters or any other variables instead, it lets the social context influence the phenomenon.It seems that the approach of combing the two theories is powerful, but not in the way that Szmigin and Foxall identified. A paper by Bruce Rowlands14 also explored the issue of the relative use of interpretative and positivistic approaches. However, in this case, it was concluded that the combination of the two approaches would be precious but not simply because no conclusive conclusion relating to the choice of one over the other could be reached, but rather due to the fact that unite the two approaches can achie ve the best of both worlds, in certain circumstances. In this case, it was held that the two approaches worked well together where the non constrained interpretative approach can be used within at to the lowest degree a certain set of boundaries (albeit loosely defined)15.Critically, this paper recognised that the problem with interpretative research is that reaching a meaningful conclusion can be virtually impossible, in many situations. This is down to the potential width of results that such an untargeted approach can cause. However, in this paper it was concluded by Bruce Rowlands that this obstacle could largely be overcome by setting at least basic parameters to guide the research in the first instance to consider a degree of control in the research process16.By combining the findings of the Bruce Rowlands paper and that of the paper under current discussion, it is clear to see that there is at least some merit in the argument that the two methods can be successfully combin ed to offer rounded consumer research17. plus Approach Analysis Based on Szmigin and Foxalls ResearchIt seems, from considering both the research as conducted by Szmigin and Foxall and other related research in the area, that it is generally thought that interpretative research methods have been developed to adopt in the gaps of the positivistic approach. In order to explore this theory fully, the comprehend weaknesses of the positivistic approach from the perspective of Szmigin and Foxall requires further consideration, as this will give a clear indication of the anticipated role of interpretative research methods. By establishing the weaknesses of the positivistic approach, it will then be possible to ascertain whether the use of interpretative research would indeed fill this gap and should, therefore, be considered as a means of offering a more complete consumer behaviour analysis18.Szmigin and Foxall saw that there were several inherent weaknesses in the positivistic approach. Firstly, it was identified that the underlying assumption that there is one reality that does not change this is clearly unrealistic with consumers in a constant state of flux with ever changing external and internal decision factors. unbowed positivism also works on the assumption that all consumers will make purchasing decision based on entirely conclude factors with absolutely no input from ill-advised desires and impulse purchases. This is an over-simplistic view of the way in which consumers actually make decisions. It is well recognised that consumers will often make purchasing decision based on entirely ir shrewd desires and, therefore, certain data patterns will be entirely meaningless, if only rational decision factors are considered.Szmigin and Foxall also recognised that in taking this concept of a single reality as encouraged by the positivistic approach, there is a danger that all other possible realities are excluded, thus potentially wanting(p) out other possibly valuable data sets.These master(prenominal) weaknesses in the positivistic approach are argued by Szmigin and Foxall to be the reason that interpretative research methods are necessary in order to fill in these gaps. These weaknesses are so substantial that it is accepted by Szmigin and Foxall that a positivistic approach is so fundamentally blemished that it alone cannot produce any meaningful data for the eventual users, namely the marketing manager in the relevant organisation.A Wider Look at the Positivistic ApproachThe positivistic or quantitative approach to consumer research is regarded as the traditional approach to consumer research therefore, there is considerably more research available on the potential weaknesses to this area of research. Martin Callingham19 stated that the main weakness in the use of qualitative approach is that, although input factors can be analysed against the actual outcome, there is no way, through using this direct data to ascertain whether the input factor was the actual cause of the witnessed outcome20. For example, if a company runs an advertising driveway and sees sales increase, the positivistic approach will show the statistical increase in sales, but will not show that it was the advertising campaign that drove this increase. The rise in sales will not necessarily be down to the advertising campaign it could be down to a range of other cultural or social factors21. This failure to link cause and effect is the cited reason for the motivating to enhance the traditional positivistic approach22.Quantitative research is entirely science based with the emphasis on objectivity reliability and generalisations. Whilst this is clearly suited in the field of research, consumer behaviour simply does not fall neatly within this scientific approach. There is positive value to be had in this approach, particularly when the aim of the research is to link directly some factor with base line results it is both unbiased and object ive with no values being derived from the researcher themselves. Despite this, the positivistic approach is clearly limited. whatsoever variable that is not part of the model is totally disregarded and, as such, it is limited in its findings to the variables that are laid out in the master model23. Any fluidity of consumer behaviour will not be captured, which is an essential part of any consumer research project. It is this weakness that the use of interpretative research aims to manage and deal with by adding value to the overall research project24. compact of FindingsThe need to expand upon the traditional positivistic approach has been clearly recognised by Szmigin and Foxall. The paper recognises that there are inherent weaknesses in both approaches to consumer research which render the use of one research method to the expulsion of the other, ineffective25. However the paper has been slightly unsatisfactory in the way in which it reaches this conclusion. The approach taken by Szmigin and Foxall involved the consideration of the weakness of both methods and, having concluded that both methods have fundamental flaws, it was then decided that the only possible solution was to use a combination of the two. This conclusion is hold with however, a slightly more positive approach to reaching this conclusion would have been welcome26.Other research papers have taken a more pragmatic approach by considering the difficulties and weaknesses with the traditional approach and then looking positively at whether or not the interpretative approach can suitably fill the gaps in a way that would cleanse the nature of the consumer research27.The weaknesses in the traditional approach of failing to consider discarded variables and of failing to link the cause and effect of behaviour have been duly noted by Szmigin and Foxall. Where the analysis falls down is that they do not then go on to consider fully how the interpretative approach could deal with these issues. It w ould seem, therefore, that by pulling together all of the relevant research in this area using an interpretative approach predominately yet with at least the basic controls such as those suggested by the positivistic approach, the best of both worlds will be achieved and the most comprehensive consumer research can be undertaken28.In summary, therefore, Szmigin and Foxall have reached the correct conclusion as to the grandness of combining the two approaches, but the way in which this conclusion was reached could have been achieved in a more positive fashion rather than it being a default position which is what appears to have been the case with Szmigin and Foxall.BibliographyAnderson, Paul F., On method in consumer research a critical relativist perspective, journal of Consumer Research, 13 (Sept), 1986, 155-173.Belk, Russell W., Handbook of soft Research Methods in selling, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006.Blumer, Herbert,, Symbolic Interactionsim, Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall , 1967.Brown, Stephen, selling and literature the anxiety of schoolman influence, diary of Marketing, 63 (Jan), 1999, 1-15.Calder, Bobby J., Tybout, Alice M., Interpretive, qualitative , and traditional scientific empirical consumer behaviour research, in Hirschman, Elizabeth. C. (ed.), Interpretive Consumer Research, Provo, UT connective of Consumer Research, 1989, 199-208.Callingham, Martin, Market comprehension How and why Organizations Use Market Research, Kogan Page Publishers, 2004.Charmaz, Kathy, amidst positivism and postmodernism implications for methods, Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 17, 1995, 43-72.Cova, Bernard, Elliott , Richard, Everything you always wanted to know virtually interpretive consumer research but were afraid to ask, soft Market Research An supranational ledger, 11, 2, 2008.Davies, Andrea, Fitchett, James A.,An Empirical exposition of Paradigm Incommesurability in Consumer Research Two Museum Studies Revisited, Proceedings of the EIASM Interpre tive Consumer Research Conference, Brussels, May 2000.Firat, A. Fuat, Venkateash, Alladi, Liberatory postmodernism and the re-enachtment of consumption, Journal of Consumer Research, 22 (3), 1995, 239-67.Goulding, Christina, Consumer research, interpretive doubles and methodological ambiguities, European Journal of Marketing, 33, 9/10, 1999, 859-873.Goulding, Christina, Grounded theory the missing methodology on the interpretivist agenda, Qualitative Market Research An International Journal, 1(1), 1998, 50-57.Hackley, Christopher E., Doing Research Projects in Marketing, Management and Consumer Research, Routledge, 2003.Heath, Timothy B., The reconciliation of humanism and positivism in the go for of consumer research a view from the trenches, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, 20 (2), 1992, 107-118.Hirschman, Elizabeth. C., Scientific style and the conduct of consumer research, Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (Sept), 1985. 225-239.Hirschman, Elizabeth C., postmodernis t Consumer Research. The Study of Consumption as Text, Newbury Park, CA Sage, 1992.Hoffman, Donna, Holbrook, Morris B., The intellectual structure of consumer research a bibliographical study of author cocitations in the first 15 years of the Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research, 19 (March), 1993,505-517.Hogg, Margaret K., Maclaran, Pauline, rhetorical issues in compose interpretivist consumer research, Qualitative Market Research An International Journal, 11, 2, 2008.Hudson, medal A., Ozanne, Julie L., Alternative ways of seeking knowledge in consumer research, Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (March), 1988, 508-521.Hunt, Shelby. D., Positivism and paradigm office in consumer research towards critical pluralism and rapprochement, Journal of Consumer Research, 18 (June), 1991, 32-44.Klein, H., Myers, M., A Set of Principals for Conducting and Evaluating Interpretive Field Studies in development Systems, MIS Quarterly, 23, 1, 1999, 67-94.Leong, Siew M., She th, Jagdish N., Tan, Ching T., An empirical study of the scientific styles of marketing academics, European Journal of Marketing, 28 (8/9), 1994, 12-26.Lutz, Richard J., Positivism, realness and pluralism in consumer research paradigms in paradise, in Advances in Consumer Research,16 ed. Srull, Thomas, ProvoUT railroad tie of Consumer Research, 1989, 1-7.McQuarrie, Edward F. Glen-Mick, David, On ring a critical pluralistic inquiry into advertising rhetoric, Journal of Consumer Research, 19 (Sept), 1992, 180-197.Nancarrow, Clive, Moskvin, Alexander, Shankar, Avi, Bridging the great carve up the transfer of techniques (qualitative and quantitative techniques), Marketing cognizance and Planning, 14 (6), 1996, 27-37.Rowlands, Bruce H., Grounded in Practice Using Interpretive Research to work out Theory, electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 3, 1, 2005, 81-92.Schiffman, Leon G., Hansen, Havard, Kanuk, Leslie Lazar, Consumer demeanor A European Outlook, Pearson Educati on, 2008.Silverman, David , Qualitative Research, Theory, Methods and Practice, London Sage, 1997.Solomon, Michael R., Bamossy, Gary, Askergaard, Soren, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, New island of Jersey Prentice Hall, 1999.The VOICE Group, Reflections on collaboration in interpretive consumer research, Qualitative Market Research An International Journal, 11, 2, 2008.Thompson, Craig J., Eureka and other tests of significance a new look at evaluating interpretive research, Advances in Consumer Research, 17, eds. Goldberg, Marvin, Gorn, Gerald, Pollay, Richard, 1990, 25-30.Footnotes1 Nancarrow, Clive, Moskvin, Alexander, Shankar, Avi, Bridging the great divide the transfer of techniques (qualitative and quantitative techniques), Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 14 (6), 1996, 27-37.2 Hackley, Christopher E., Doing Research Projects in Marketing, Management and Consumer Research, Routledge, 20033 Silverman, David, Qualitative Research, Theory, Methods and Practice, Lo ndon Sage, 19974 Schiffman, Leon G., Hansen, Havard, Kanuk, Leslie Lazar, Consumer Behaviour A European Outlook, Pearson Education, 20085 Hogg, Margaret K., Maclaran, Pauline, Rhetorical issues in writing interpretivist consumer research, Qualitative Market Research An International Journal, 11, 2, 20086 Hudson, Laurel A., Ozanne, Julie L., Alternative ways of seeking knowledge in consumer research, Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (March), 508-521, 19887 Hirschman, Elizabeth. C., Scientific style and the conduct of consumer research, Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (Sept), 1985, 225-239, 188 Solomon, Michael R., Bamossy, Gary, Askergaard, Soren,, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, New Jersey Prentice Hall, 19999 Calder, Bobby J., Tybout, Alice M., Interpretive, qualitative, and traditional scientific empirical consumer behaviour research in Hirschman, Elizabeth. C. (ed.), Interpretive Consumer Research, Provo, UT experience of Consumer Research, 1989, 199-20810 Thompson, Craig J., Eureka and other tests of significance a new look at evaluating interpretive research, Advances in Consumer Research, 17, eds. Goldberg, Marvin, Gorn, Gerald, Pollay, Richard, 25-30, 1990.11 The VOICE Group, Reflections on collaboration in interpretive consumer research, Qualitative Market Research An International Journal, 11, 2, 200812 Davies, Andrea, Fitchett, James A., An Empirical Exposition of Paradigm Incommesurability in Consumer Research Two Museum Studies Revisited, Proceedings of the EIASM Interpretive Consumer Research Conference, Brussels, May 2000.13 Klein, H., Myers, M., A Set of Principals for Conducting and Evaluating Interpretive Field Studies in Information Systems, MIS Quarterly, 23, 1,,1999, 67-9414 Rowlands, Bruce H., Grounded in Practice Using Interpretive Research to Build Theory, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 3, 1, 2005 (81-92)15 Brown, Stephen, Marketing and literature the anxiety of academic influence, Journal of Marketing, 63 (Jan), 1-15, 199916 Hoffman, Donna, Holbrook, Morris B.,The intellectual structure of consumer research a bibliographic study of author cocitations in the first 15 years of the Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research, 19 (March),1993, 505-517.17 Cova, Bernard, Elliott, Richard, Everything you always wanted to know about interpretive consumer research but were afraid to ask, Qualitative Market Research An International Journal, 11,2, 200818 Hirschman, Elizabeth C., Postmodern Consumer Research. The Study of Consumption as Text, Newbury Park, CA Sage, 1992.19 Callingham, Martin, Market Intelligence How and why Organizations Use Market Research, Kogan Page Publishers, 200420 Hunt, Shelby. D., Positivism and paradigm dominance in consumer research towards critical pluralism and rapprochement, Journal of Consumer Research, 18 (June), 1991, 32-44.21 McQuarrie, Edward F., Glen-Mick, David , 1992, On resonance a critical pluralistic inquiry into advertising rhetoric, Jou rnal of Consumer Research, 19 (Sept), 1992, 180-197.22 Anderson, Paul F.,On method in consumer research a critical relativist perspective, Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (Sept), 1986, 155-173.23 Heath, Timothy B.,The reconciliation of humanism and positivism in the practice of consumer research a view from the trenches, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, 20 (2), 1992, 107-118.24 Leong, Siew M., Sheth, Jagdish N., Tan, Ching T., An empirical study of the scientific styles of marketing academics, European Journal of Marketing, 28 (8/9), 1994, 12-26.25 Goulding, Christina, Consumer research, interpretive paradigms and methodological ambiguities, European Journal of Marketing, 33, 9/10, 1999, 859-873.26 Belk, Russell W., Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Marketing, Edward Elgar Publishing, 200627 Charmaz, Kathy, Between positivism and postmodernism implications for methods, Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 17, 1995, 43-72.28 Lutz, Richard J., Positivism, naturalis m and pluralism in consumer research paradigms in paradise, in Advances in Consumer Research, 16, ed. Srull, Thomas, ProvoUT Association of Consumer Research, 1-7, 1989

The Need Of Money To Be An Entrepreneur Business Essay

The Need Of currency To Be An Entrepreneur subscriber line EssayNobody goat pooh-pooh that specie is re tout ensembley outstanding in feeling , it suffices us do whatever we like and a statement is acquaintn to discuss that all you conduct is silver to be an enterpriser. I do non totally agree with this statement because of some reasons and this essay give describe, indicate distinct elements and prove that m geniusy is not all for its succeeder. With evidence of reading and researching I rally that being an enterpriser bring more things much(prenominal) as the heating plant, ability and live. The passion it give help you a strong penury to implement your ambition. Of course, an enterpriser has to brook comfortably ability with legion(predicate) palm they for fascinate run and fill in their commerce right worry which they propensity. Business always faces with m whatever put on the lines, suffers from pressures around and a leaders need stimulate over them quickly. Moreover they need have innovative strategies and motivations for products services to cope with other companies. And the other strategic thing is experience, it pull up stakes help a leader an overview about problems and troubles which brings some disadvantages for business are to assist you visualise suitable solutions .When experience has a strias , you can treat and lock sudden situations more exactly. Being an enterpriser need many distinguishable elements to swan and money is not all. As Harold, G (n.d) said that In the business ball, everyone is paid in two coins cash and experience. Take the experience first the cash for shoot come later. We can recover that money plays an important grapheme provided it doesnt decide everything and entrepreneur should have and agree all elements to restoreher, they leave behind get the better effects to maintain and break out their business.All you need is money to be an entrepreneur.The passion which is restraind as the energy that can bring you more into what you do.I totally agree that the passion is the first element which helps us strong motivations to get the craving. You can get your personal satisfaction, financial purpose, stable attitude and enjoyment with what you regard to prepare into your business. So if you do not have any passion with jobs, you will be difficult to succeed in running your business. You have to think of yourself as an entrepreneur so you will have a mystic responsibility with your choices. You learn how to organize and maintain business through researching link resources and have right directions as real experts. As we know Oprah W (n.d) is one of the most illustrious entrepreneurs through her media and publishing interests. She is called as hassock of media over the piece. Her passion quotation marks was that Passion is energy. Feel the power that comes from focusing on what excites you or Ignoring your passion is like dying a slow term inalPassion whispers to you through your feelings, beckoning you toward your highest veracious. Pay attention to what makes you feel energized, connected, stimulated- what gives you your juice. Do what you love, give it back in the form of service, and you will do more than succeed. You will triumph or Donald T (n.d) is one of millionaires with quote without passion you dont have energy, without energy you have nothing or Nothing is as important as passion. No matter what you motive to do with your life, be ablaze of Jon Bon Jovi (n.d) is a famous musician, song writer. Through many famous quotes of winning entrepreneurs agree that the passion is really important to help you follow the dreams and ambitions so passion is one elements to contri providede and shape an entrepreneur.Moreover to be an entrepreneur need ability which is the indorse element, it is expressed with many aspects much(prenominal) as skills, knowledge etc. AsLou H (n.d) said that ability is what youre up to(p) of doing. Motivation determines what you do. Attitude determines how sound you do it or Donald K (n.d) has quote that A man of ability and the desire to accomplish something can do anything. We can see the second element which is really important is ability. first off if you have ability, you will know how to run business right direction based on your skills. You have to create the great ideas and evaluate them how to involve to your business. Your business plans must be shown your goals, strategies action stairs and answers some questions such as who is your customer? How is your business plans implemented? What are my objectives, strategies, action steps to get your goals? Can you think of ways to solve problems? How much money can yours earn? etc( Tamara, M n.d) so you must be a creative mind if you want to become an entrepreneurs. Always think of costs, pay prison term, output and quality of products or services which bring benefits for yours. You need to accede tim e, calculation, describe detail about your products or services which can settle with customers. You have to analyze about market, demand and supply in pitch to you can give innovative strategy to compete with other competitors. With your ideas investors will be interested in investment their money and bring many opportunities to develop yours.With problems and troubles, you are not able to forecast consequences which can run into to your business so an entrepreneur need know how to face with fetching risks and suffering from pressures around. You always have to remember a sentence failure is the mother of mastery to take experiences and run a risk how to get over them. many a(prenominal) businesses had serious problems but they did not know how to maintain theirs and their businesses were closed. So you should build business plans effectively and overturn risks. Being a success entrepreneur you need be brave to face with pros, research more to find the good solutions. Furt hermore an entrepreneur is an independent person to make decisions on their own. You do not feel to be afraid of rejection from other colleagues. And a leader need have ability to persuade employees, partners, and customersin regulate to endure for your business plans whether challenges will happen to you.Besides, an entrepreneur needs report opportunities for your business with steps such as spotting, assessing, selecting and executing upon opportunities. You must be able to spot an unmet need which is potential for business. After sporting unmet need, you need analyze them to assess and determine marginal success of finance and sympathetic resources. Next step is selecting opportunities which play an important role to gain success and the last step is executing Upon Opportunities which step is combined among creativity, passion, persistence, focus, responsibility, intelligence, planning and energy. An entrepreneur has to know how to take and select opportunities for them to ma intain and develop business mean solar day by day (anonymous, n.d).Moreover a leader should build a meshwork system for business because nowadays technology plays a major role in the management and un extra information. It helps business update and deal with any problems more quickly, exactly as well as save time for everyone in business. Another advantage of technology is sure that it allows you to monitor progresses and helps limited risks (Tamara ,M n.d ). As we know Steve job is one of the fathers of the personal computing era and the founder of Apple. He has quote in 1996 that These technologies can make life easier, can let us touch passel we might not otherwise. You may have a child with a birth mistake and be able to get in touch with other parents and support groups, get medical information, the latest experimental drugs. These things can profoundly exercise life. Im not downplaying that or Bill ,G (n.d) said that information technology and business are becoming inext ricably interwoven. I dont think anybody can confabulation meaningfully about one without the talking about the other. Two of famous entrepreneurs emphasize how technology is important in business as well as life nowadays.The third element is experience which is known as the nature of events someone or something has undergone with any jobs will bring for you diametric skills such as sales, marketing or managementYou have to face with concourse , difficult situations which you need to think of giving the scoop up ways to support for your business. However if you do not have much experience in business , the limited information about market, sales, organization, management etc you will be waste of time, give bad solutions. On contrast if you have experience, you will run yours right direction, understand problems and deal with problems more quickly. Of course an entrepreneur really need much experience in order to get to speak to employees and answer all given questions. Doing wo rk with experience you will show your ability, passion, interest, confidence and it will give you a good concord of your strengths and weakness. As Tom K (n.d) quote that there are no failures- Just experiences and your reactions to them or Donal T (n.d) said that Experience taught me a a couple of(prenominal) things. One is to listen to your gut, no matter how good something sounds on paper. The second is that youre generally better off sticking with what you know. And the third is that sometimes your best investments are the ones you dont make. Everyone needs experience with each field, it helps us get over difficulty easier and limit risks. Moreover an entrepreneur with much experience will be useful in selecting and embarking employees in order to provide good human resources for yours through some steps such as homework includes structure, focus, identity, prepare Implementation includes contact, motivate, evaluate and the last step is closure which includes select, affir m , candidate joining (anonymous, n.d). With each step your business will recruit many suitable employees for each necessary position in political party.Furthermore, if an entrepreneur has much experience, he will build good relationship with partners or customers easier. As Bill, G (n.d) said that Our success has really been based on partnerships from the very beginning relationship in business is really important for each company and just having experience can assist you to superintend good partners. The partners will keep your business going and cooperate unitedly in order to develop, bring benefits and compete with other companies. Agoodbusinesspartnership has clarified responsibilities, expectations and how to cooperate effectively such as investment, competition and manufacture products or services.Critical use.Entrepreneur is known as a person who runs a company or business. They finance or make decision which belongs to operation of business. All important problems such a s organization, arrangement, open new projects of business need be allowed by an entrepreneur and they need to find solutions when facing with the risks and disadvantages. An entrepreneur has to predict opportunities, make plans and manage the business in order to bring benefits and gain profits for theirs. We can see under framework of the Entrepreneurial personality which supports more elements to be an entrepreneur. They include internal locus of control, high need for achievement, moderate risk taking propensity. An entrepreneur must have ability to run business, reduce risks and disadvantages (both Jekyll, I 2005).You often thinks of ideas, innovative strategies and how to implement them to get achievement for company in future.http//www.westga.edu/distance/ojdla/summer82/hild1.gifFigure 1 Framework of the Entrepreneurial Personality(Source signed DLA 2005 proceedings, Jekyll Island, Georgia, June 5-8, 2005).And One clear example about a successful entrepreneur is Mark Zuckerb erg who set up networking site that has widened over the world Facebook as well as Ceo and president of the business, he is one the youngest billionaires in the world. Mark Zuckerberg was born in a normal family but he showed his intelligence from an early age and was interested in data processor programs. With his passion he arrived in Palo Alto in order to impose in college, established a social-networking site and created Facebook which is used popularly nowadays. From his childhood, he really inspired in computer and by following his desire he got achievement noticeably. His father said that Mark Zuckerbergpassion helped him be a successful entrepreneur so the passion plays an important role to get the desires for anyone. As well as Mark Zuckerberg Oprah Wfrey is well-known as the magnate of media over the world however she was born in a unforesightful family stayed with her grandmother in Mississippi. She undergoned so many difficulties in her childhood but with her passion and ability she established her first talk show which was called people are talking in 1976 as well as worked as anchor and news reporter. With her ability, enthusiasm personality, passion she expanded some programs such as The Oprah Winfrey etc. Besides with her experience she published two magazines O, the Oprah magazines, O at home and extended her business as well as a partner of Oxygen Media, a cable channel . In the recent year, Oprah Winfrey is rank as one of famous entrepreneurs over the world and became the first Africa-American billionaire woman. All her achievements get today because her passion, ability and experience which help her have strong motivation to succeed. With these evidences, we can see that being an entrepreneur need include many elements and undergone difficult period get success like the.Conclusion.Based on elements which are reminded above we can see that money is not all to be an entrepreneur. Being an entrepreneur need have many contrastive elements to support for running their business. This essay describes and indicates different elements and shows that just money is not enough to become an entrepreneur. These elements are referred such as the passion, ability, experiences of an entrepreneur with the purpose proves to be a good entrepreneur need collect many faces. They know how to realize an overview about problems and troubles which brings many disadvantages for business to find suitable solutions . As Oprah Winfrey has quotes that how do I define success? Let me tell you, moneys pretty nice. But having a lot of money does not automatically make you a successful person. What you want is money and meaning. You want your work to be meaningful, because meaning is what brings the real malodorousness to your life Most of successful entrepreneurs have undergone difficulty and get their desire with the passion, ability, experience and meaningful money. And one more time I want to assert that being an entrepreneur needs many diffe rent elements to be complex and build a prosperous business in future.

Job Market for Health Informatics

Job commercialise for wellness InformaticsMarsha WheelerThe topic that has been researched is the job market for wellness informatics in the health disturbance industry. Health informatics is defined as the application of cultivation engineering to improve on the finaglement of uncomplainings data, population data, and other development that is relevant to patient care and the communitys health, teaching, research, and advancing medical exam examination trial run knowledge. The process of medical de endpointination making and processing of medical information, including technology and communication of medical coiffure didactics and research. HIT involves the exchange of health information in an electronic environment ( medical examination informatics, 2008). The process of transferring health information to an electronic database is a really time consuming and detail oriented process and accuracy is a must. The study for heath informatics pull up stakes be eve r change magnitude beca uptake of the technology based world that we live in today.Health information technicians and physician staff consolidate and oversee health information data by safeguarding its quality, accuracy, accessibility, and security in both paper and electronic systems. HIM originals use dispa range classification systems to code and classify patient personal information for stipend purposes, for use in office databases and data registries, and retainpatient medical records and play of treatment. (Health info Technology , 2013). Extensive use of health information within the medical industry bequeath advance future of health care, make up ones mind medical inaccuracies, reduce medical costs, step-up organizational effectiveness, reduce bookkeeping, and increase access to reasonable health care with quality of care in mind. Health informatics includes a variety of job roles and situations. Some of these different job specifications are Health data manager, claims data analyst, compliance auditor, medical coder, HER content manager, clinical information manager (Health Information Technology , 2013).The education implored for HIM certification begins with successfully passing a competency scrutiny and maintaining annual continuing education requirements. Credentialing in the HIM profession is based on passing a competency exam, after completion of a two, four, or post-baccalaureate course of study. A four year degree in health information will provide entry level education to situate for registered health information administrator credentials. To be eligible to take the RHIA exam applicants will have to meet one of the following requirements have a baccalaureate degree or post baccalaureate certification from a CAHIM accredited information management program, have a degree from a foreign HIM baccalaureate program which AHIMA has an agreement, be a current schoolchild in a CAHIM accredited program enrolled in the final term of study (LaTour, Maki, Oachs, 2012,p. 62-63).HIM technicians usually go into the health care field after end an AS degreein Health Information Technology. Other than general education classes coursework includes medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, legal aspects of health information, health data standards, coding and precis of data, statistics, database management, quality improvement methods, and computer science. The2011 AHIMA Job Survey showed,93% of surveyed RHITs hold a degree,74% of those surveyed hold an Associates degree, 16% hold a Bachelors degree, and 3% hold alum and post-graduate degrees (Health Information Technology , 2013).US News Reportrecently named health informatics and health information management as 4 of the top new college major league for the future (Health Information Technology , 2013).HIM specialists work in many different facilities, these locations can include hospitals or clinics, home health, doctors offices, ambulatory care centers, elderly c are facilities, mental health facilities, specialist offices, hospice facilities, and in the public eye(predicate) health agencies anywhere that gathers, maintains, analyzes and utilizes medical records and data.Jobs that one can hold with a degree or certification in HIM include Health entropy Analyst, Insurance Claims Analyst, Records Technician Specialist, Clinical Coding Specialist, Physician Practice Manager, and Patient Information Coordinator. With a bachelors degree the positions change a bit, other jobs include HIM College Instructor, HIM System Manager, Consultant, Chief Privacy Officer, HIM Department Director, and Data reference Manager (Health Information Technology , 2013).The job outlook and salary potentiality for HIM is looking to be in truth good in the future. HIM is a very diverse and emerging field in healthcare that is continuing to travel stronger in the employment position for the future. Bureau of Labor Statistics says thatoccupations in health informat ion technology is anticipated to steadily rise by 22%between 2010 and 2022(Medical Records and Health, 2014). Hospitals will remain employing the most medical and health function managers. According to American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), the fair(a) yearly earnings for entry level medical records and HIM specialists was$48,000 in 2008. With professional experience, the middle 50 share earned $60,000 to $86,000 in 2008. The lowest 10 percent earned under $32,000 while the top 10 percent earned over $200,000 (Health Information Technology , 2013). The median pay rate is $34,160 or $16.42 per hour. Salaries can fluctuate based on education, skill, locality, and establishment. The demand for those in the healthcare field is anticipated to grow as our population of the awkward continues get older, as they are becoming older they are act to live a healthier lifestyle.Our aging communities are going to require extensive examinations, more treatments, and educat ion to continue to live healthier lifestyles. to a greater extent medical attention will in return accompany supererogatory medical claims for compensation from insurance companies. These extra claims added to the EMRs that are cosmos used by providers will increase a select for healthcare information technicians, thus increasing the job forecast for health informatics.The invasion of new positions being introduced in facilities is anticipated to grow at a much relaxed frequency than other businesses, as hospitals are now concentrate more on monitoring expenses and utilizing more clinics and other facilities. Medical and health services managers with more skilled experience in larger facilities will have the best job opportunities, as hospitals are becoming big and more complex. Employment will grow fastest in physicians offices and in home health agencies(Health Information Management, 2014). Services that were formerly completed in hospitals will continue to grow as medical technology improves. The need for health informatics in healthcare will continue to obey as facilities are becoming bigger and more sophisticated. Healthcare professionals will see the need to understand the burdens of cost suppression and fiscal responsibility, and the need to refocus on preventive care will be a certainty. Administrators with generalized knowledge of a specific field, such as compensation will have more chances for growth. Government has required providers to embrace electronic health records, which is now initiating the demand for HIM specialists with the significant skills that are required to pass these new requirements.The implementation of theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, requires all public and privy healthcare providers move to meaningful use ofelectronic medical recordsby January of 2015, or saying penalties(Health Information Technology Salary, 2014). Due to the change in how medical facilities manage and store patient information, t he new focus has led to a plenty of new positions opening up all over the country for health information management. (Health Information Technology Salary, 2014).In conclusion with all the changes in healthcare as well as technology the need for health informatics specialist is at an all-time high. With the mandates for electronic medical records by the government and our aging population now is the time to make the medical field a permanent home in my career outlook.ReferencesHealth information management. (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http//www.himcareers.com/ job opportunities/Health information technology health information management career overview. (2013). Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http//www.allhealthcaredegrees.com/him.htmHealth information technology salary and career guide. (2014). Retrieved December 6, 2014, from http//www.healthinformaticsguide.com/health-information-technology-salary-career-guide/LaTour, K. M., Maki, S. E., Oachs, P. K. (2012). Heal th information management concepts,principles, and expend (4th Ed.). Chicago, IL AHIMA Press.Medical informatics. (n.d.)Mosbys Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. (2008). Retrieved December 13 2014 fromhttp//medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Medical+informaticsMedical records and health information technicians. (2014, January 8). Retrieved December 7, 2014, from http//www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/medical-records-and-health-information-technicians.htm

book report- my sister my sorrow Essay -- essays research papers

Book ReportMy Sister, My Sorrow by Bebe Faas Rice, explores the intrinsic human reactions to death, sickness and love. It delves into sibling rivalry, adolescent fear and stereo types and gives insight into how well-favored the world seems when your life is on the line.Leukemia is one of those diseases that creep up on you suddenly and catch you by surprise The story revolves around her thoughts and feelings towards friends, family, the center of life, depression, love, jealousy, cancer, etc.During the course of the book, the commentator begins to understand much about what type of Leukemia it is that Beth has. Explained by the author in lame-mans terms, it becomes simple and enjoyable. Facts and story line commingle together to make an interesting chapter. My toothbrush in the morning looked resembling an accessory to a suicide attempt the signs of cancer are apologizeed to the ratifier in an interesting, informative way. Beth explains all the emotions that she feels, she d oesnt leave anything out. As the reader goes through the pages they actually understanding the feelings and the emotions that are being explained. The way she tries to explain sadness to the reader is through what she sees Ill never forget that night, with unsounded out in the kitchen, sobbing as she scraped the carrots for dinner. Artists and sculptors usually depict grief as a heavily veiled figure leaning on a tombstone, but theyre wrong. What grief really is, is a middle-aged woman with a carrot parer in one hand, la...

Defining Good Advice :: Defintion Essays

formation Good AdviceGood advice started out as something that I could grasp. It was something I was equal to understand. plainly that all changed. What is it exactly that constitutes good advice? When we started this discussion a catch weeks ago, I knew what good advice was, or at least I public opinion I did. Good advice was something that came from the mouth of someone I respected and looked up to. It came from my parents, grandparents, and Davey, the man I wrote about in my narrative. Good advice usually ternion to something good, just sometimes no-count things were the result of that good advice. Consider the event of me telling on my best friend for drinking. Davey told me, stick to your guns, Perp. And I did. I told on my best friend. Everybody turned their heads when I walked by in school. That couldnt have a bun in the oven been good advice.So if good advice can lead to bad things, then how can it be considered good advice? Well, I have tried to look at it in a si mple way, alone it rightful(prenominal) got more and more complex. Maybe it can be related to Douglas put outs comment about typeface C on contractions. This theatrical role I would love to toss out and never consider, but its impossible to deny the information given. And, as I said in our discussion on contractions, I have no need for example C because it is way too much information for me right now. But who knows, maybe later I might need that much info, but as for now I dont. Was I really ready(a) for his advice? Looking back, I dont think I was, being sixteen and all. And that is what made his good advice so hard to understand. My mind could not comprehend the big picture. But Daveys mind could. He had already been sixteen. He absolutely knew that it would help me in the future. I am now twenty years old and a little more wiser, which made me come to the conclusion that Davey was right, because even though his advice ended up hurting me, I am a stronger person now becaus e of it. I still use his advice today, even with the negative consequences involved. Some people have told me I am stubborn. I just tell them that I am sticking to my guns.Advice can be given in any manner, but that doesnt make it good or bad advice.

Water Biomes :: Environment Ecology

Water BiomesMarshland is cover with grasses, reeds, sedges, and cattails. Theseplants all have their roots in soil covered or saturated with water and itsleaves held above water.Marshes may be freshwater or table salt. Freshwater marshesdevelop along the shallow edges of lakes and slow-moving rivers, forming whenponds and lakes become make full with sediment. flavour marshes occur on coastal tidalflats. Inland salt marshes occupy the edges of lakes. They affect the supply ofnutrients, the movement of water, and the type and de side of sediment. coarseness marshes atomic number 18 best developed on the Atlantic coasts of North the Statesand Europe. In eastern North America the low marsh is dominate by a singlespecies, salt-marsh cordgrass. The mellowed marsh consists of a short cordgrasscalled hay, spike grass, and glasswort. Glasswort is the dominant plant ofPacific sailplaning salt marshes.Freshwater marshes provide nesting and wintering habitats for waterfowland shorebirds , muskrats, frogs, and many aquatic insects. Salt marshes arewintering grounds for snow geese and ducks, a nesting habitat for herons andrails, and a etymon of nutrients for estuarine waters. Marshes are important inflood control, in sustaining high-water tables, and as settling basins toreduce pollution downstream. Despite their great environmental value, marshesare continually being destroyed by drainage and filling.Marine Life, plants and animals of the sea, from the high- heave trainalong the shore to the depths of the ocean. These organisms fall into threemajor groups the benthos, plants such as kelp and animals such as brittle starsthat live on or front on the bottom the nekton, swimming animals such asfishes and whales that move respectively of water currents and plankton,various small to microscopic organisms that are carried along by the currents.Shore Life, the essentially marine organisms that inhabit the regionbounded on one side by the height of the extreme high tid e and on the other bythe height of the extreme low tide. deep down these boundaries organisms face asevere environment imposed by the break and fall of tides. For up to half of a24-hour period, the environment is marine the live of the time it is exposed,with terrestrial extremes in temperature and the drying effects of wind and sun.Life on rocky shores, best developed on northern coasts, is separatedinto clear-cut zones that reflect the length of time each zone is exposed. At thehighest position on the rocks is the black zone, marked by blue-green algae.This transition flying field between land and the marine environment is flooded onlyduring the high spring. Below the black zone lies the white zone, where

Contrasting Places in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Contrasting Places in Hurstons Their eyeball Were ceremonial GodIn the novel Their Eyes Were notice God, by Zora Neale Hurston thither were many secernate places that were apply to interpret opposed forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of this work.In the novel, Eatonville and the Everglades were devil contrasting places. Eatonville, Florida was a place where Janie experienced many things in life. Janie Crawford grew here where her grandmother raised her. Eatonville was also a place where Janie had no immunity or choices. For example, Janie was forced into adulthood and love. Eatonville was the place of hurts, and insecurities to her. Eatonville was where Janie tried to discover herself. She lived thither for a long time only still did not father what she was looking for. The Everglades, often referred to as the Mucks, was where Janie now knew who she was and what she was looking for in life. It is where she had unfeigned love unlike in Eatonville, Florida. E atonville was a place of trials, hurts, and tenor but the Everglades were where Janie knew who she was as a person.The Everglades and Eatonville both represent Janie in twain incompatible ways. In Eatonville Janie was uncertain of who she was. Eatonville represents unsure, love, hate, abuse, and trials. The Everglades represents love, joy, and prosperity. Janie was now seeing the person she was or is and nutriment that life. Janie found herself in the Everglades. This was what she was trying to do throughout her full life. She was scrutinizing although she came across stressing situations for her identity.In this novel the two contrasting places shows Janie as being loss and shows Janie as being found. This novel stands on that theme. sometimes iodin would be loss but the problem comes in when they are never found. In Eatonville there was love of force but in the Everglades there was love of choice. Janie was able to find the bee pollinating the flower. So this was marriage. The contrasting places taste true love.Contrasting Places in Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God EssaysContrasting Places in Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching GodIn the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston there were many contrasting places that were used to represent opposed forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of this work.In the novel, Eatonville and the Everglades were two contrasting places. Eatonville, Florida was a place where Janie experienced many things in life. Janie Crawford grew here where her grandmother raised her. Eatonville was also a place where Janie had no freedom or choices. For example, Janie was forced into adulthood and love. Eatonville was the place of hurts, and insecurities to her. Eatonville was where Janie tried to find herself. She lived there for a long time but still did not find what she was looking for. The Everglades, often referred to as the Mucks, was where Janie now knew who she was and what she was looking for in life. It is where she had true love unlike in Eatonville, Florida. Eatonville was a place of trials, hurts, and pains but the Everglades were where Janie knew who she was as a person.The Everglades and Eatonville both represent Janie in two different ways. In Eatonville Janie was uncertain of who she was. Eatonville represents unsure, love, hate, abuse, and trials. The Everglades represents love, joy, and prosperity. Janie was now seeing the person she was or is and living that life. Janie found herself in the Everglades. This was what she was trying to do throughout her entire life. She was searching although she came across stressing situations for her identity.In this novel the two contrasting places shows Janie as being loss and shows Janie as being found. This novel stands on that theme. Sometimes one would be loss but the problem comes in when they are never found. In Eatonville there was love of force but in the Everglades there was love o f choice. Janie was able to find the bee pollinating the flower. So this was marriage. The contrasting places examine true love.

Digital Divide in the US and Around the World Essay -- Technology Tech

Digital split in the US and Around the World Since the launch of the Internet as a global communication network and the boom in communication technologies, our military man has been overwhelmed by a new phenomenon digital divide. It has gradually turned into a major, constantly growing world stretch forth, threatening to further increase the bedspread between advanced and developing countries. Yet, is digital divide really an remarkable occurrence or a natural and unavoidable trend? Divide is certainly a word whose meaning could be traced back to the specified dawn of human explanation. It goes even deeper to human nature itself to sex and racial differentiation, to unequal physical and mental powers, to different location and social status. During the nineteenth century, though, theory of communism tried to defy the principles of naturally existing divide. However, Marxs utopia, which contradicted basic economic principles of scarcity and unbounded need was unachievable. Indeed, through the sorrow of the communistic experiment, which became so flagrant after the fall of the Iron Curtain, history promoted the inevitability of divide as a symbol of individual uniqueness. As to digital, it is just one of the many attributes of divide that has assumed a global meaning. Therefore, although social and economic differences will undoubtedly continue to provoke society in the 21st century, the bridging of the digital gap between those in the lead and those who lag behind should be a major issue for modern civilization. What is digital divide, however? We measure it in wrong of penetration of communication services, Internet connectivity, and technological development, but what could possibly be... ...e. journal of Housing and Community Development v. 58, no2 (Mar./Apr. 2001) 14-15, 17, 45 IMF staff. Globalization Threat or Opportunity? IMF and World Bank staffs. 100 Percent Debt Cancellation? A reaction fro m the IMF and the World Bank. (July, 2001) 1-6 Irving, Larry. Falling Through the Net Defining the Digital Divide. Kathimerini Greeces International English Language Newspaper September 18, 2001 http//www.ekathimerini.com/news/content.asp?id=100100 Poster, Mark. Whats the Matter with the Internet. Wilson, Dwight. The Worlds Poor need the Internet. (July 19,2001)

Cycles of Violence in The Battler Essay -- Battler Essays

Cycles of Violence in The Battler Ernest Hemingways The Battler provides a proceed account of cut Adams dangerous and violent life. Previous stories compiled in The con Stories edition of Hemingways work documents some of the tribulations of come off Adams, one of Hemingways protagonists. Apparently, Nick has been plagued by moments of sheer humility, terror, and immutable violence. In the Hemingway short story Indian Camp, Nick is a young boy who witnesses a dreadfully difficult blood by a Native American woman, enduring all the fleck the hubris of his surgeon father, who is contestibly insensitive to Nicks innocence. Once the birth has ended, the husband of the woman is build with a freshly slit throat, again viewed by the young Nick. In The End of Something, another short story from the same compilation, an older Nick Adams breaks of a listless relationship with Marjorie, his girlfriend. Nick reveals his disgust with being pull to Marjorie during a fishing trip, and the proximity of the two in the boat conjugate with the inability for either to escape the immediate situation results in moments of try humiliation for both. Indeed, the scene percolates with subdued violence. In the case of The Battler, the violence is not so heavily subdued. Nick is traveling on a train, in all likelihood as a vagabond, and is knocked off of his mode of transportation with a puff to the head by a lousy crut of a brakeman. (p. 129) This is not a narrated situation, but the reader is made aware of Nicks predicament after the particular as Nick finds himself watching the caboose going out of order of battle around the curve and touch(ing) the bump over his eye. (p. 129) He finds his hands scraped and the throw together on his knees b... ...not escape his destiny he is a living punching bag, and Nick, in his beatly fashion, has not only witnessed another violent episode in this mans life, but has taken part in its occurrence. The two become think in this dang erous moment. In a moment of foreshadowing, Nicks future teeters on the possibility of a life like Ads. Before dinner, Ad and Bugs had speculated He says hes never been crazy, Bugs. Hes got a lot coming to him, Bugs had softly spoken. (p. 133) Nicks scars and hits are, at this time in his life, only more easily hidden than Ads. Too late, until now Ad and Bugs have seen his potential to become crazy, a battler as well, though he knows that, as in Ads case, yours is rarely the winning side. Bibliography Hemingway, Ernest The mindless Stories. Simon and Schuster, New York, First Scribner Paperback Fiction Edition, 1995

Nature vs Nurture Essay -- Arguementative Essays

Nature vs maintainMost of us go for an acquaintance that, although our genes provide advantages and constraints, we retain great control over our lives. However, we be maturation a second, competing intuition that, kindred it or not, our genes hear our abilities, our preferences, and our emotions. We would like to conceptualise we ar much more(prenominal) than the sum of our genes, but scientists grant plainly demonstrated that our genes determine some of our most complex behavioral and cognitive characteristics.The focus on genes as the primary mode of biologic score has been especially iron out in the marketing of the Human Genome Project. In meet of this project, Robert L. Sinsheimer, biologist and former chancellor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, affirmed, in the deepest sense we argon who we are because of our genes. (Berkowitz 1996)Does the available scientific evidence actually tell us that our genes determine our behavioural, emotional, and cogni tive characteristics? Do single genes specify particular behavioural traits? To state these questions, most non-scientists depend upon the cursory reports of new research findings that turn up on a regular basis in the lay press. These reports are oversimplified and may be cause by the desire of both journalists and scientists to create an exciting story. As a result, our perceptions of the scientific evidence may be skewed by a a few(prenominal) dramatic findings, some of which may be wrong.Nowhere has this been more clear than in the representation of the roles of genes in determining uniquely merciful characteristics, involving our thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. in spite of appearance the past decade, there have been highly visible reports localizing genes for manic-depression (Baron et al. 19... ...Sussex, K.K. Kidd, C.R. Allen, A.M. Hostetter, and D.E. Housma. 1987. bipolar affectional disquiet Linked to DNA Markers on Chromosome 11. Nature 325 783-787Gelernter, J ., S. OMalley, N. Risch, H.R. Kranzler, J. Krystal, K. Merikangas, J.L. Kennedy, and K.K. Kidd. 1991. No tie-up Between an Allele at the D2 Dopamine Receptor element (DRD2) and Alcoholism. JAMA 266 1801- 807Hamer, D.H., S. Hu, V.L. Magnuson, N. Hu, and A.M.L. Pattatucci. 1993. A Linkage between DNA Markers on the X-Chromosomes and Male internal Orientation. accomplishment 261 321-327Kelsoe, J.R., E.I. Ginns, J.A. Egeland, D.S. Gerhard, A.M. Goldstein, S.J. Bale, D.L. Pauls, R.T. Long, K.K.Kidd, G. Conte, D.E. Housman and S.M. Paul. 1989. Re-evaluation of the Linkage Relationship Between Chromosome 11p Loci and the Gene for Bipolar affective Disorder in the Old order Amish. Nature 342 238-243. Nature vs Nurture Essay -- Arguementative EssaysNature vs NurtureMost of us have an intuition that, although our genes provide advantages and constraints, we retain great control over our lives. However, we are developing a second, competing intuition that, like it or not, our genes determine our abilities, our preferences, and our emotions. We would like to think we are much more than the sum of our genes, but scientists have apparently demonstrated that our genes determine some of our most complex behavioral and cognitive characteristics.The focus on genes as the primary mode of biological explanation has been especially clear in the marketing of the Human Genome Project. In support of this project, Robert L. Sinsheimer, biologist and former chancellor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, affirmed, in the deepest sense we are who we are because of our genes. (Berkowitz 1996)Does the available scientific evidence actually tell us that our genes determine our behavioural, emotional, and cognitive characteristics? Do single genes specify particular behavioural traits? To answer these questions, most non-scientists depend upon the cursory reports of new research findings that appear regularly in the lay press. These reports are oversimplified an d may be shaped by the desire of both journalists and scientists to create an exciting story. As a result, our perceptions of the scientific evidence may be skewed by a few dramatic findings, some of which may be wrong.Nowhere has this been more clear than in the representation of the roles of genes in determining uniquely human characteristics, involving our thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. Within the past decade, there have been highly visible reports localizing genes for manic-depression (Baron et al. 19... ...Sussex, K.K. Kidd, C.R. Allen, A.M. Hostetter, and D.E. Housma. 1987. Bipolar Affective Disorder Linked to DNA Markers on Chromosome 11. Nature 325 783-787Gelernter, J., S. OMalley, N. Risch, H.R. Kranzler, J. Krystal, K. Merikangas, J.L. Kennedy, and K.K. Kidd. 1991. No Association Between an Allele at the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene (DRD2) and Alcoholism. JAMA 266 1801- 807Hamer, D.H., S. Hu, V.L. Magnuson, N. Hu, and A.M.L. Pattatucci. 1993. A Linkage between DNA Marke rs on the X-Chromosomes and Male Sexual Orientation. Science 261 321-327Kelsoe, J.R., E.I. Ginns, J.A. Egeland, D.S. Gerhard, A.M. Goldstein, S.J. Bale, D.L. Pauls, R.T. Long, K.K.Kidd, G. Conte, D.E. Housman and S.M. Paul. 1989. Re-evaluation of the Linkage Relationship Between Chromosome 11p Loci and the Gene for Bipolar Affective Disorder in the Old order Amish. Nature 342 238-243.

The Civilized and Self-Cultured Black Man Essay -- Narrative Life Fred

The Civilized and Self-Cultured Black humannessIn Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An Ameri depose Slave, Written by Himself, Frederick Douglass faces the conundrum of detailing his transformation from slave to man in a port which is acceptable to both his audience and his own authorial purpose. Douglass must straits the thin line between being powerful and being saturnine to his white audience. He attempts to avoid becoming a threat by appropriating the experience of a self-made man, as defined in William E. Channings assay entitled Self-Culture. Douglass constructs his manhood in terms of purification, a tactic by and by employed by Ida B. Wells in her anti-lynching campaign. Although physical strength and the pass from civilization into the wilderness was an equally popular construction of manhood at the time, Douglass follows Channings belief that true manhood is achieved through knowledge, the mastery of letters and refinement of manners. This conception of masculinity centers around moral uprightness and self-control as a means of suppressing passions and desires, the latter being something that most of Douglass masters lacked. If civilization indicates manhood, then the brutal masters described in Narrative be not men at all. This reversal makes Douglass, the slave turned self-cultured man, a representation of true manhood. According to Channing, every man has the potential to be a great man. Through self-culture, and the resulting moral and intellectual growth, men can expand and live up their potentials, becoming ideal men. Channing understands moral instinct as the suppression of passions and desires that are inherent in human nature, only when are not good for soul.When a man looks into himself, he discovers...d... ... image of this civilized man is reinforced by Douglass narrative voice which takes on the Harvard style tone, that sounds much like Channings voice in Self-Culture. This tactic may have been to support his use of Channings ideas, but it also gave Douglass the unique order of speaking in the same style as his audience. This would perhaps be unexpected by his white Northern audience, but nevertheless reinforces Douglass civility. By taking popular conceptions of civilization, self-control and literacy, and applying them to himself, Douglass invents in himself the representation of true manhood. working CitedChanning, William E. The Works of William E. Channing. Boston American Unitarian Association, 1875.Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written By Himself. New York Penguin Books USA Inc., 1968.